Journal of Humanitarian and Applied Sciences
The Journal of Human and Applied Sciences is a semi-annual scientific journal published by Elmergib University and managed by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gasr Alakhyar. It is supervised and run by a distinguished group of professors and researchers across various fields. The journal is dedicated to publishing original scientific research and studies that contribute to the advancement of knowledge in both the humanities and applied sciences. Its vision integrates a comprehensive approach that combines theoretical depth and precise academic analysis with the practical dimension related to scientific applications. In the field of the humanities, the journal welcomes research addressing topics in geography (both physical and human branches), Arabic language studies (including linguistic, literary, and critical research), Islamic studies (in their various legal and intellectual specializations), as well as history, event analysis, and document verification. It also covers psychology in its theoretical and applied branches, sociology with its focus on social structures and societal transformations, and fine arts from creative, aesthetic, and historical perspectives. In the field of applied sciences, the journal includes research dealing with topics in physics—its laws and modern applications—chemistry in both its theoretical and practical aspects, biology in terms of studying living organisms and their environmental interactions, mathematics through the development of mathematical models and their applications in solving scientific and technical problems, in addition to computer science in all its branches and areas of application. Through this multidisciplinary approach, the journal aims to provide an integrated scientific platform that enables researchers from various fields to present their findings, exchange knowledge, and build bridges of scientific cooperation across disciplines—thereby enriching scientific research at the local, regional, and international levels.
مهارات أنماط السلوك القيادي لدى أعضاء هيئة التدريس وعلاقتها ببعض المتغيرات الديموغرافية (الجنس، التخصص، المؤهل العلمي)
This study aims to identify the level of leadership behavior pattern skills among faculty members at Al-Merqib University, and to examine differences according to gender, academic specialization, and academic qualification. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. A researcher-developed questionnaire consisting of 42 items was administered to a random sample of 200 faculty members. The results indicated that the overall level of leadership behavior skills was moderate. Democratic behavior ranked first with a high level, followed by autocratic and laissez-faire behaviors at a moderate level. The findings further revealed no statistically significant differences attributed to gender in democratic and autocratic behaviors, whereas significant differences were found in laissez-faire behavior and the overall score in favor of males. Furthermore, significant differences were found according to academic specialization in favor of scientific disciplines across all leadership styles. In contrast, no significant differences were observed according to academic qualification except in autocratic behavior, which favored holders of a PhD degree. These results suggest that leadership behavior is partially influenced by certain demographic variables while remaining unaffected by others.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Humanitarian and Applied Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Efficiency of Multiple Linear Regression in Identifying Factors Affecting Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Using R Programming. Enttsar Ali Arhema
This study aimed to analyze the relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood sugar (FBS), age, and weight using a multiple linear regression model implemented in R programming language. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and verified the key assumptions of the regression model, including normality, independence, multicollinearity, and absence of outliers. Statistical tests, including the Shapiro–Wilk test, Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), and Durbin–Watson test, confirmed that the model assumptions were satisfied. The results indicated that the regression model was statistically significant (F = 12.55, p < 0.05) and explained 45% of the variance in HbA1c levels. Furthermore, the findings showed that fasting blood sugar and age had a statistically significant effect on HbA1c levels, whereas weight did not show a significant effect. The study recommends expanding future analyses to include additional explanatory variables and highlights the importance of multiple linear regression and R programming in medical research.
قلق الامتحان وعلاقته بالدعم الأسري لدى طلبة الشهادة الثانوية بمدينة قصر الأخيار
This study aimed to examine the relationship between exam anxiety and family support among secondary school students in Qasr Al-Akhyar, Libya, as well as to identify the levels of both variables within the study sample. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. The population consisted of secondary school students in Qasr Al-Akhyar for the academic year 2025–2026, from which a random sample of 150 male and female students was selected. For data collection, the researcher used a two-dimensional questionnaire covering test anxiety and family support, with 10 items for each dimension measured using a dichotomous scale (Yes/No). Data were analyzed using percentages and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results indicated a moderate level of test anxiety among students, characterized by feelings of tension, fear, and difficulty concentrating. The findings also revealed a strong negative correlation between test anxiety and family support (r = -0.675), indicating that higher levels of family support are associated with lower levels of test anxiety.
The Contractor’s Role in Construction Project Failure in the Libyan Public Sector and Contractor Selection Criteria
The Libyan public construction sector faces multiple challenges in successfully implementing projects, among which contractor selection represents a critical factor. This study aims to evaluate the contractor’s role in construction project failure in order to identify the key criteria that should be considered when selecting contractors. To achieve the objectives of the study, data were collected through questionnaires distributed to a group of academic and non-academic experts working in the Libyan construction sector. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings revealed that the contractor’s influence on construction project failure in the Libyan public sector is ranked as the most significant factor, with a moderate to high level of impact. Moreover, the results identified the most important contractor selection criteria, including site management and supervision, financial ethics (avoiding bribery), project team competence, credibility and avoidance of personal or tribal bias, construction methods, planning management, availability of machinery and equipment, prior experience, financial stability, and financial management.
Wind Power Generation Based on Resonance Technology
This study investigates the generation of electrical power from wind energy using vortex-induced vibrations as an alternative to conventional rotating turbines. A nonlinear dynamic model was developed and implemented in MATLAB to simulate aerodynamic excitation and structural response over a wind speed range of 2 to 15 m/s. An analytical investigation was conducted to examine the effects of material type, column diameter (0.05–0.15 m), and wall thickness (2–6 mm) on resonance velocity and the resulting electrical power output. The results showed that carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) exhibited the highest critical resonance speeds (up to 12.4 m/s) and the maximum power output of approximately 48 W. Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) demonstrated moderate performance with a peak output of around 32 W, while high-density polyethylene (HDPE) resonated at lower wind speeds (3.1–5.6 m/s) but produced limited power output of about 10 W. Furthermore, increasing the column diameter enhanced power generation by up to 35%, whereas increasing wall thickness reduced vibration amplitude and decreased output efficiency by approximately 20%. These findings confirm the feasibility of resonance-based wind energy systems for small-scale urban applications.
The Utilization and Synesthesia of the Senses in “The Blind and the Deaf” and “A Cellar for the Otter”: A Comparative Descriptive-Analytical Study
This study aims to shed light on the employment of the senses and to examine their aesthetic and technical functions in narrative discourse in the absence of visual perception. It seeks to identify the types of imagery that can substitute for visual representation within the artistic and emotional structure of the text. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by a comparative methodology to strengthen the analysis and enhance the validity of the findings. It investigates the use and interaction of the senses (synesthesia) in Ghassan Kanafani’s “The Blind and the Deaf” and Hooshang Golshiri’s “A Cellar for the the Otter” The findings indicate that the remaining senses compensate for the absence of sight through their ability to convey imagery and emotional experience in an indirect manner. Hearing emerged as the most frequently employed sense in the narratives, followed by touch. The study also reveals that substituting one sense for another results from the capacity of certain senses to encompass and convey visual or emotional experience more effectively than others. Further detailed findings will be presented in the full study.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Social Work Offices in Educational Institutions in Light of Preventive, Developmental, and Therapeutic Approaches
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions carried out by social work offices in educational institutions through the application of preventive, developmental, and therapeutic approaches, as well as to analyze their ability to improve students’ responses to problems within the educational environment. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. The population consisted of social workers operating under the Educational Supervision Office in Souq Al-Juma’a, and the sample included 50 social workers. A questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool. The data were analyzed statistically using measures of central tendency and dispersion, correlation coefficients, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient, frequencies, percentages, weighted means, and standard deviations. The findings revealed that preventive approaches contribute to a moderate extent in reducing behavioral problems and enhancing psychological and social stability. Developmental approaches were found to play a significant role in enhancing personal and social skills and capacities. Furthermore, therapeutic approaches were identified as the most effective in addressing behavioral, psychological, and academic problems, as well as in improving students’ adaptation and performance within educational institutions.
Extreme Daily Rainfall in Tarhuna: Causes and Impacts
Tarhuna region has experienced a noticeable increase in extreme daily rainfall events under the influence of climate change, resulting in significant damage to resources and property. This study aims to identify extreme high daily rainfall amounts in the region, determine their causes, impacts, trends, and recurrence intervals. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical and quantitative approach, based on daily rainfall data obtained from NASA POWER (DAV) for the period 1980–2024. Field investigations were also conducted to document the resulting damages, supported by photographic evidence of affected sites. The results confirmed the occurrence of significant extreme rainfall events, some of which recur at long intervals while others occur more frequently at shorter intervals. The study also revealed that these extremes have considerable impacts on natural and human resources, attributable both to the intensity of rainfall extremes and to limited public awareness and inadequate risk perception. The study recommends enhancing public awareness, adopting planning strategies that incorporate extreme rainfall values, and developing hazard maps to identify high-risk areas and prevent construction within them.
Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption Analysis in Traditional Houses in Libya: A Case Study of the Old City of Ghadames
Hot desert regions are characterized by high levels of energy consumption in residential buildings, largely due to the heavy reliance on mechanical cooling systems to achieve indoor thermal comfort. This study aims to analyze the architectural characteristics of traditional houses in the old city of Ghadames, assess their level of thermal comfort, and examine energy consumption patterns in traditional dwellings. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach supported by a comparative method, focusing on the documentation and evaluation of the architectural and environmental characteristics of traditional houses in Ghadames. The findings indicate that traditional houses in Ghadames achieve remarkable indoor thermal stability compared to external temperatures. This performance is attributed to the thick walls and construction materials with high thermal mass. Moreover, the semi-enclosed spatial configuration, combined with internal courtyards and roof openings, facilitates natural air circulation, thereby contributing to thermal comfort without additional energy consumption. The study concludes with several recommendations, most notably the necessity of thoroughly examining traditional architectural strategies and the thermal performance of indigenous building materials, and integrating these principles into the planning and design of contemporary buildings and housing projects in hot arid regions.
Optimizing Investment Portfolio Selection Using Fuzzy Linear Programming: An Applied Study
In this paper examines investment portfolio problem under uncertainty using fuzzy linear programming. Risk and returns are type of fuzzy numbers, and the portfolio problem of fuzzy number is transformed into a deterministic form based on a select -cut. A numerical example is used to study the impact of the -cut of investment decisions. Then the results prove that the proposed of fuzzy model offers greater suppleness than traditional approaches and enhances decision maker.
تحديد مستويات النشاط الإشعاعي الطبيعي في عينات التربة الرملية في منطقة العزيب-ترهونة، ليبيا
هدفت الدراسة إلى تقييم مستويات النشاط الإشعاعي الطبيعي، ومخاطر الإشعاع المرتبطة بها في عينات التربة الرملية بمنطقة العزيب ببلدية ترهونة، ليبيا، من خلال تحديد تراكيز النظائر المشعة (238U, 232Th, 40K) وتقييم مؤشرات مخاطر الإشعاع ذات الصلة..تم إجراء تحليل العينات باستخدام تقنية مطيافية أشعة جاما المزودة بكاشف الجرمانيوم عالي النقاوة. وأظهرت النتائج أن متوسط تراكيز النشاط الإشعاعي بلغت 14.89Bq/kg لليورانيوم-238، و9.07Bq/kg للثوريوم-232، و141.32Bq/kg للبوتاسيوم-40. كما سجل متوسط معدل الجرعة الممتصة في الهواء 18.25 nGy/h، والجرعة الفعالة السنوية المكافئة 0.022 mSv/y، بينما بلغت قيمة مكافئ الراديوم Raeq 38.75 Bq/kg. وبمقارنة هذه النتائج مع المتوسطات العالمية، يتضح أنها تقع ضمن الحدود الطبيعية المسموح بها دولياً؛ حيث كانت قيم مؤشري الخطر الخارجي والداخلي (Hext = 0.104, Hint = 0.183) أقل من الواحد الصحيح. تستنتج الدراسة أن التربة في هذه المنطقة لا تشكل خطراً إشعاعياً على السكان، وتوصي باستمرار المسوحات لإنشاء قاعدة بيانات وطنية للخلفية الإشعاعية في ليبيا.
Cohesion and Proximity in Libyan Social Space: A Socio-Historical Approach to Interpreting the Libyan Crisis in the Production of Shared Cultural Meaning
This study investigates Libyan social space from a socio-historical and symbolic perspective. Space is viewed as a social construct reflecting history, symbols, and relationships, rather than merely a physical area. This study draws on Henri Lefebvre's ideas that space is a social product expressing lifestyles and perceptions. Accordingly, this study aims to understand the Libyan crisis through a disruption in the production of this space, focusing on the relationship between cohesion and proximity as analytical tools derived from physics. In this way, the Libyan crisis is considered a product of transformations in the symbolic and social structure, leading to challenges in constructing shared meanings and social unity. Thus, the Libyan crisis is understood as a crisis in the production of social space and a symbolic struggle over its meanings and representations.
Morphometric and Hydrological Analysis of Migdal Valley Basin
This research aims to analyze the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the Migdal Valley basin using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to understand its hydrological behavior and evaluate flood hazards. The study identified that the basin covers an area of 83.72 km², with a length of 20.36 km and an average width of 4.11 km, indicating an elongated basin shape. Elevation ranges from 30 m to 360 m, with a relief of 330 m, reflecting considerable topographic variation that influences runoff and flow velocity. The drainage network analysis revealed 91 channels with a total length of 504 km and a drainage density of 3.117 km/km². Hydrological parameters showed a lag time of 3.32 minutes and a concentration time of 2.12 hours, indicating a rapid response to rainfall events. The basin demonstrates high flash-flood susceptibility and considerable potential for water harvesting and sustainable
Focalisation in Libyan Folk Proverbs A: Descriptive and Analytical Study
Examining the concept of focalization and its applications to Libyan folk proverbs reveals the eloquence of condensation and brevity. Folk proverbs possess the remarkable ability to compress a complete narrative text—encompassing characters, conflict, perspective, temporal and spatial dimensions, and outcomes—into concise expressions and a limited number of words that may not even constitute a full line of text. This characteristic makes them a fertile ground for the analysis of micro-narrative structures. The technique of focalization can therefore be employed in analyzing the narrative content of Libyan folk proverbs to demonstrate that a proverb is not merely a linguistic text. Such a reductionist view obscures its true nature as a cultural event and an integrated narrative structure. Focalization functions as a visual and interpretive strategy through which the distance between the listener and the narrated situation is determined. In this sense, it serves as a compass for the recipient, guiding their position in relation to the event—whether from within, outside, or above it—and thereby facilitating a deeper understanding of the intended wisdom and meaning embedded in the proverb.
Irrational Beliefs and Their Relationship with Optimism and Pessimism among Female Students of the Faculties of Arts and Science at Al-Asmariya Islamic University, Zliten
This study aimed to examine the relationship between irrational beliefs and levels of optimism and pessimism among female students of the Faculties of Arts and Science in Zliten. The researcher adopted a descriptive correlational-comparative approach. The study sample consisted of 129 female students. Irrational beliefs were measured using the Al-Rihani Scale (1985), while optimism and pessimism were assessed using the Abdel-Khalek Scale (1996). The findings revealed that the prevalence of irrational beliefs was low among students of both faculties, reaching 56% among Faculty of Arts students and 58% among Faculty of Science students. The level of optimism was high, amounting to 75% among Faculty of Arts students and 80% among Faculty of Science students. The results also indicated a statistically significant negative correlation between irrational beliefs and optimism, and a corresponding positive association between irrational beliefs and pessimism. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found in irrational beliefs between students of the two faculties attributable to academic specialization. However, significant differences in optimism were observed in favor of Faculty of Science students. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were found in pessimism between students of the Faculties of Arts and Science.
Histopathological and Functional Changes of the Possible Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) on Ibuprofen-Induced Hepato-Renal Toxicity in Male Local Rabbits
The study aimed to evaluate the protective role of aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds against ibuprofen-induced hepatic and renal damage in 24 adult male rabbits. They were divided into: control group; ibuprofen group (40 mg/kg); fenugreek extract group (100 mg/kg); and a group treated with ibuprofen + fenugreek extract (40 and 100 mg/kg, respectively). Histological examinations showed liver damage in the ibuprofen group, including central vein congestion, mononuclear cell infiltration, Kupffer cell activation, and portal vein congestion. The renal tissue showed glomerular shrinkage, Bowman’s capsule dilation, peritubular hemorrhage, and leukocyte infiltration. Liver enzymes (ALP, AST, ALT) and urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels were elevated, indicating hepatic and renal damage, more pronounced in the ibuprofen group. The fenugreek-treated group maintained tissue structure and function, indicating a protective role against ibuprofen-induced damage.
The Impact of Social, Psychological, and Economic Factors on Unemployment among Graduates of Higher Institutes: A Field Study at the Higher Institute of Science and Technology, Qasr Al-Akhyar
This study aimed to analyze the impact of social, psychological, and economic factors on unemployment among graduates of higher institutes, assess the extent to which these factors contribute to explaining the phenomenon, examine differences according to demographic variables, and predict unemployment levels. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a questionnaire consisting of four dimensions. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of 150 graduates. Various statistical techniques were employed, including Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the independent samples T-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple linear regression analysis. The findings revealed statistically significant positive relationships between the three factors and unemployment. Economic factors exerted the strongest influence, followed by psychological factors and then social factors. The results also indicated significant differences attributable to marital status, academic specialization, and year of graduation, whereas no significant differences were found with respect to gender, age, or place of residence. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis demonstrated that these factors collectively explained 74% of the variance in unemployment, confirming their predictive power. Based on these findings, the study recommends strengthening employment policies, enhancing the alignment between educational outcomes and labor market requirements, and providing greater psychological and social support for graduates.
The Effect of Rubric-Based Assessment on University EFL Students' Writing Performance: A Mixed-Methods Study at Sebha University, Libya
This study investigates the impact of rubric-based assessment on EFL students' writing performance at Sebha University and explores instructors' perceptions of its effectiveness. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, utilizing a quasi-experimental design and a descriptive survey. To ensure greater scoring objectivity, inter-rater reliability was calculated. The findings revealed a statistically significant improvement in students' writing quality after the intervention, with a substantial effect size. Furthermore, teachers expressed positive attitudes toward the use of rubrics, highlighting their role in enhancing grading transparency and fairness. Despite these benefits, the study was limited by a small sample size and the absence of a control group, as well as time demands associated with rubric implementation and training. The study recommends integrating rubric-based assessment into higher education to enhance assessment practices and support students' self-regulation skills.
Citrus Lemon Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Saline Solutions
Corrosion of metals is a serious challenge for many industries. Green corrosion inhibitors offer an eco-friendly and biodegradable alternative to traditional chemicals. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Citrus limon leaf extract as a green inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in a neutral 3.5% NaCl saline solution. The plant was extracted using 80% ethanol, and inhibition efficiency was assessed by the weight loss method at different extract concentrations, temperatures (30–60 °C) and immersion times (4–72 h) The results showed that the extract had a maximum inhibition efficiency of 88.65%. The inhibition efficiency increased with higher extract concentration and longer immersion time but decreased with higher temperature, suggesting the formation of a protective layer on the metal surface. Based on these findings, Citrus limon extract has shown promising potential as a green corrosion inhibitor. Further research is recommended to elucidate the inhibition mechanisms and application conditions for practical use.
The Dual Form Outside the Standard Rules
تميّزت اللغة العربية عن اللغات الأخرى بالمثنى، فالتثنية خاصة بها وهي أوّل الجمع، وتكون قياسيَّة إذا وافقت الشروط، وما سُمِع عن العرب مثنى بخلاف الشروط، فإنَّه يكون على غير القياس، ثم النظر في هذا المسموع عن العرب هل يجوز القياس عليه أو لا؟، وكذلك النظر في أقوال النحويين فيه؛ حيث إنَّ القاعدة الأصولية تقول: ما قيس على كلام العرب فهو من كلام العرب.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Humanitarian and Applied Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The State-of-the-art Advancements and Challenges of 3D Video Formats
3D video communication has become one of the most prominent ways of sharing and exchanging rich visual information, driven by the growing demand for immersive media in applications such as virtual reality, augmented reality, telepresence, and advanced broadcasting systems. To achieve this objective, the source coding should compress the original video sequence as much as possible, and the compressed video data should be robust and resilient to channel errors. In this respect, it is necessary to provide both efficient video formats and advanced compression standards capable of balancing bitrate reduction with high visual fidelity while including mechanisms that improve error resilience, granting reliable transmission over bandwidth-limited and error-prone communication channels. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive survey of up-to-date formats, recent developments, and challenges concerning the efficient representation, compression, and delivery of immersive content in 3D formats.
The philosophy of poetry according to the Sufi Abd al-Karim al-Jili
يُعد الشعر الصوفي أحد فنون الأدب التي ظهرت على مر العصور الإسلامية، ويمتاز بكونه شعراً ذاتياً وجدانياً روحياً. فهو ذاتي؛ لأنه يعبر عن تجربة خاصة يمر بها الشاعر وحده. وتطور وفقا لعوامل النضج والاكتمال، بعد أن استفاد من التراث الشعري العربي عبر أطواره التاريخية، ونهل من أغراضها المتنوعة وتماهى عبر مفرداته دون أن يخل بطابعه الصوفي المميز. ولغته العذبة وطريقة نظمه وتنوع أساليبه التي نقل إليها أذواقه ومواجيده ورؤاه العميقة التي تستعصي حتى على مفردات اللغة أن تحويها. فهي محملة بالدلالات بعد أن تدثرت بالرمز والإشارة ونحت بالشعر نحو الإيحاء والغموض، فقد شكل الشعر الصوفي ركيزة مهمة من ركائز الاتجاهات الأدبية بدأ من القرن السابع الهجري إلى يومنا هذا. فهو شعر فلسفي يحمل في طياته النفحات القرآنية والافكار الفلسفية. فالتجربة الصوفية، والتجربة الشعرية وليدتا الوجدان وهما تجربتان نفسيتان. فالنص الصوفي كما النص الشعري يمتاز بالصدق، ويفيض بالأسرار. فكلاهما وليد المعاناة والمكابدة. والصوفي شاعر سواء نظّم القول أو النثر، فأداة الإدراك عنده هي نفسها وسيلة الشاعر. ويمكن اعتبار الشعر الصوفي من أبرز تجلّيات بلاغة التخيّل في الأدب العربي، لما يمثله من جمالية.
The Methodology of Al-Sijja‘i (d. 1197 AH) in His Commentary on Sharḥ Qaṭr al-Nadā by Ibn Hishām (d. 761 AH)
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على "حاشية السجاعي" التي وضعها العلامة "أحمد بن أحمد السجاعي (ت 1197) على كتاب شرح قطر الندى وبل الصدى" لابن هشام الأنصاري، يتناول البحث المنهجية التي اتبعها السجاعي في حاشيته، وكيفية تعامله مع الشواهد الشعرية، وبيان موقفه من ابن هشام من خلال استدراكاته واعتراضاته عليها من جهة، واختيار ما يراه مناسباً من جهة أخرى، والمنهج المتبع في هذا البحث هو المنهج الوصفي التحليلي. وتخلص هذه الدراسة إلى أن السجاعي اتبع منهجاً قائماً على الإيضاح والتبسيط مع قصد الإحاطة والشمول، فقدم المادة النحوية في صورة مختصرة، وتناول أبرز المسائل الإعرابية التي يحتاجها طالب العلم، وقدم إضافات مهمة على الشرح، منها الزيادة في الشواهد الشعرية، وكان له موقفً مع ابن هشام فلم يسلِّم بكل ما جاء به، وكان له رأيه الخاص الذي اعتمد فيه على الاستقراء والتحليل في ترجيح الآراء.
The Level of Ethical Values and Material Values in Industrial Environment and Their Relationship to Selected Demographic Variables Among Employees of The Lebda Cement Factory in Al-Khums
هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى معرفة مستوى قيم الأخلاقية والقيم المادية وعلاقتها ببعض المتغيرات الديموغرافية لدى موظفي مصنع لبده للإسمنت بمدينة الخمس. وتكوّنت عينة الدراسة من (70) موظف، وقد أُستخدم المنهج الوصفي لتحقيق أهداف الدراسة كما تم إعداد مقياس القيم الأخلاقية وآخر للقيم المادية. وقد تمتع كلا المقياسين بالصدق والثبات. وأُستخدم أيضاً في هذه الدراسة مجموعة من الأساليب الإحصائية منها: التجزئة النصفية واختبار (t) والمتوسطات الحسابية والانحرافات المعيارية والنسب المئوية ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج والتي أوضحت وجود مستوى عالي للقيم الأخلاقية لدى مدينه الدراسة بلغ (4.77)، كذلك وجود درجة ممارسة متوسطة للقيم المادية بلغ (2.86) مع وجود فروق في الرتب تعزى لمتغير سنوات الخبرة، كما بينت الدراسة أيضاً وجود علاقة ارتباطية بين متغيرات الدراسة.
The Administrative and Financial Reforms of Sultan al-Nasir (Case Study The Nasiri Land Survey (Rawk) of 715 AH/1315 AD)
The Nasiri Rawk was a reform initiative aimed at introducing administrative and financial amendments.It focused on revising the collection of Kharaj (land tax) on taxable lands, defining the beneficiary classes, and modifying a wide range of other taxes feeding the state treasury (Bayt al-Mal). This research examines the nature of the land survey (Rawk) during the reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, seeking to understand the resulting administrative and financial reforms and their relation to curtailing the influence of feudal lords from the amirs and soldiers. These lords controlled vast agricultural lands, exploited them, and transferred ownership of some state-owned agricultural lands to their private accounts. The Nasiri Rawk led to a series of fiscal reforms that positively impacted a broad segment of taxpayers, although this was not its primary objective. It also succeeded in tightening state control over its revenues and reaffirming the strength of its institutions, embodied in the authority of the Sultan and his Mamluks.
Satellite-Based Assessment of Nitrogen Dioxide Emissions from Libyan Power Plants: 2023 Annual Analysis
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major atmospheric pollutant with severe implications for human health and the environment. This study utilizes the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard the Sentinel-5P satellite, accessed via Google Earth Engine (GEE), to analyse NO2 levels across Libya during 2023. The analysis reveals significant spatial and temporal variations in NO2 vertical column densities, identifying power plants in urban hubs such as Tripoli, Benghazi, and Misrata as primary emission sources. Seasonal trends show a marked elevation in pollution during the summer, with concentrations peaking in June at 7.01 x 10-5 (mol/m2), representing an 18.4% increase relative to the annual mean. These spikes are driven by increased energy demand, enhanced photochemical reactions, and meteorological conditions. The findings emphasize the critical need for targeted interventions, specifically recommending the retrofitting of power plants with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems and the diversification of the energy portfolio through investment in solar and wind infrastructure to reduce fossil fuel dependence.
The Political and Commercial Interactions of Mecca before Islam with the Nabataeans, Byzantium, and Persians
This study examines the significance of Mecca as a major religious and commercial hub in the Arabian Peninsula and as a central intersection along international trade routes. Its location between Yemen and the Levant made it a key stop for caravans, with trade constituting its primary economic activity. Over time, various tribes settled in Mecca, culminating in the emergence of Quraysh, who organized its political and economic affairs. Quraysh established Ilaf agreements with neighboring tribes and states to secure trade routes amid regional tensions between the Byzantine and Persian powers. These agreements enabled the winter journey to Yemen and the summer journey to the Levant, enhancing Mecca’s commercial influence. The paper explains how these interactions shaped Mecca’s position and strengthened the economic and political role of Quraysh, demonstrating their decisive impact on pre-Islamic Meccan history.
The Aesthetics of African Sculpture and Ceramics
African sculpture and ceramics possess a unique visual and aesthetic identity that represents the collective spirit and spiritual beliefs of African people. it is not merely decorative but integral part of daily life, religious, and social rituals. African sculpture is unique by combing simple forms and complex symbols simultaneously. Ceramics, on the other hand, represent the functional and aesthetic aspect of daily life in Africa and is an art often practiced by women. It is distinguished by its unique designs and shapes that express the values, beliefs, and environment of African societies. The research concludes that African sculpture is linked to spiritual rituals that is used as symbols to document historical events and honor certain figures. The sculptural works are characterized by simplicity and harmony, relying on materials available in their environments. African vessels are used for storing food and water, as well as in religious, funerary and celebratory rituals.
(Women in the Poetry of Al-Sharif Al-Uqaili) (Part One of His Collected Poems)
This study aimed to reveal the status of women in Al-Uqaili's poetry, in which he combined her form, appearance, and movement in his love poems. The poet also intertwined themes of love, wine, and nature, portraying her as his beloved and cherished figure. Chapter Three: Intimate Conversations, Love, Separation, and Farewell. The study aims to understand the status that Al-Sharif Al-Aqili assigned to women, as reflected in his numerous descriptions of them, which he linked to nature and the drinking of wine.
An economic study on the implications of global crises on food security of wheat in Libya during the period (2010-2022)
This study aimed to analyze the state of food security of wheat in Libya (2010–2022), employing some approaches to estimate food security indicators. The results revealed food gap, as average domestic wheat production did not exceed 171 thousand tons annually, compared to an average consumption of 940 thousand tons. This led to a low self-sufficiency ratio. The findings also showed significant fluctuations in the food security coefficient, despite its relatively acceptable average level (0.74). The highest values were recorded during (2012–2013), despite political and economic instability following the February 2011 uprising. Conversely, the lowest value (-0.35) was observed in 2022, reflecting the fragility of food security in the face of local and global crises, concluding that achieving safe levels of food security requires enhancing domestic wheat production, establishing a robust national strategic stock to absorb shocks, and diversifying import sources to reduce dependency on a single market.