Al-Fagih صم. The Political and Commercial Interactions of Mecca before Islam with the Nabataeans, Byzantium, and Persians: The Political and Commercial Interactions of Mecca before Islam. JHAS [Internet]. 2025 Dec. 21 [cited 2026 Jan. 7];9(18):135-2. Available from: https://khsj.elmergib.edu.ly/index.php/jhas/article/view/522