Al-Fagih ص. م. . The Political and Commercial Interactions of Mecca before Islam with the Nabataeans, Byzantium, and Persians: The Political and Commercial Interactions of Mecca before Islam. Journal of Humanitarian and Applied Sciences , [S. l.], v. 9, n. 18, p. 135–125, 2025. DOI: 10.65137/jhas.v9i18.522. Disponível em: https://khsj.elmergib.edu.ly/index.php/jhas/article/view/522. Acesso em: 7 jan. 2026.